Whence Consumer Loyalty?
This article by Richard L. Oliver, "Whence Consumer Loyalty?" explores the complex relationship between satisfaction and customer loyalty, identifying that satisfaction is a necessary, though insufficient, condition for loyalty. The paper examines various stages of loyalty development, from cognitive to affective, conative, and action loyalty, and considers how personal fortitude and social bonding contribute to stronger, more enduring loyalty. Oliver concludes that loyalty is not universally achievable for all businesses, as some markets may only reach the satisfaction stage, while others can foster deeper, more resilient customer loyalty through product superiority, personal commitment, and community support.